Regression - RDD-based API
Isotonic regression
Isotonic regression
belongs to the family of regression algorithms. Formally isotonic regression is a problem where
given a finite set of real numbers $Y = {y_1, y_2, ..., y_n}$ representing observed responses
and $X = {x_1, x_2, ..., x_n}$ the unknown response values to be fitted
finding a function that minimizes
\begin{equation}
f(x) = \sum_{i=1}^n w_i (y_i - x_i)^2
\end{equation}
with respect to complete order subject to
$x_1\le x_2\le ...\le x_n$ where $w_i$ are positive weights.
The resulting function is called isotonic regression and it is unique.
It can be viewed as least squares problem under order restriction.
Essentially isotonic regression is a
monotonic function
best fitting the original data points.
spark.mllib supports a
pool adjacent violators algorithm
which uses an approach to
parallelizing isotonic regression.
The training input is an RDD of tuples of three double values that represent
label, feature and weight in this order. Additionally, IsotonicRegression algorithm has one
optional parameter called $isotonic$ defaulting to true.
This argument specifies if the isotonic regression is
isotonic (monotonically increasing) or antitonic (monotonically decreasing).
Training returns an IsotonicRegressionModel that can be used to predict labels for both known and unknown features. The result of isotonic regression is treated as piecewise linear function. The rules for prediction therefore are:
- If the prediction input exactly matches a training feature then associated prediction is returned. In case there are multiple predictions with the same feature then one of them is returned. Which one is undefined (same as java.util.Arrays.binarySearch).
- If the prediction input is lower or higher than all training features then prediction with lowest or highest feature is returned respectively. In case there are multiple predictions with the same feature then the lowest or highest is returned respectively.
- If the prediction input falls between two training features then prediction is treated as piecewise linear function and interpolated value is calculated from the predictions of the two closest features. In case there are multiple values with the same feature then the same rules as in previous point are used.
Examples
Data are read from a file where each line has a format label,feature i.e. 4710.28,500.00. The data are split to training and testing set. Model is created using the training set and a mean squared error is calculated from the predicted labels and real labels in the test set.
Refer to the IsotonicRegression Scala docs and IsotonicRegressionModel Scala docs for details on the API.
import org.apache.spark.mllib.regression.{IsotonicRegression, IsotonicRegressionModel} import org.apache.spark.mllib.util.MLUtils
val data = MLUtils.loadLibSVMFile(sc, “data/mllib/sample_isotonic_regression_libsvm_data.txt”).cache()
// Create label, feature, weight tuples from input data with weight set to default value 1.0. val parsedData = data.map { labeledPoint => (labeledPoint.label, labeledPoint.features(0), 1.0) }
// Split data into training (60%) and test (40%) sets. val splits = parsedData.randomSplit(Array(0.6, 0.4), seed = 11L) val training = splits(0) val test = splits(1)
// Create isotonic regression model from training data. // Isotonic parameter defaults to true so it is only shown for demonstration val model = new IsotonicRegression().setIsotonic(true).run(training)
// Create tuples of predicted and real labels. val predictionAndLabel = test.map { point => val predictedLabel = model.predict(point._2) (predictedLabel, point._1) }
// Calculate mean squared error between predicted and real labels. val meanSquaredError = predictionAndLabel.map { case (p, l) => math.pow((p - l), 2) }.mean() println(s“Mean Squared Error = $meanSquaredError”)
// Save and load model model.save(sc, “target/tmp/myIsotonicRegressionModel”) val sameModel = IsotonicRegressionModel.load(sc, “target/tmp/myIsotonicRegressionModel”)
Data are read from a file where each line has a format label,feature i.e. 4710.28,500.00. The data are split to training and testing set. Model is created using the training set and a mean squared error is calculated from the predicted labels and real labels in the test set.
Refer to the IsotonicRegression Java docs and IsotonicRegressionModel Java docs for details on the API.
import scala.Tuple2; import scala.Tuple3; import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaPairRDD; import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaSparkContext; import org.apache.spark.api.java.JavaRDD; import org.apache.spark.mllib.regression.IsotonicRegression; import org.apache.spark.mllib.regression.IsotonicRegressionModel; import org.apache.spark.mllib.regression.LabeledPoint; import org.apache.spark.mllib.util.MLUtils;
JavaRDD<LabeledPoint> data = MLUtils.loadLibSVMFile( jsc.sc(), “data/mllib/sample_isotonic_regression_libsvm_data.txt”).toJavaRDD();
// Create label, feature, weight tuples from input data with weight set to default value 1.0. JavaRDD<Tuple3<Double, Double, Double>> parsedData = data.map(point -> new Tuple3<>(point.label(), point.features().apply(0), 1.0));
// Split data into training (60%) and test (40%) sets. JavaRDD<Tuple3<Double, Double, Double>>[] splits = parsedData.randomSplit(new double[]{0.6, 0.4}, 11L); JavaRDD<Tuple3<Double, Double, Double>> training = splits[0]; JavaRDD<Tuple3<Double, Double, Double>> test = splits[1];
// Create isotonic regression model from training data. // Isotonic parameter defaults to true so it is only shown for demonstration IsotonicRegressionModel model = new IsotonicRegression().setIsotonic(true).run(training);
// Create tuples of predicted and real labels. JavaPairRDD<Double, Double> predictionAndLabel = test.mapToPair(point -> new Tuple2<>(model.predict(point._2()), point._1()));
// Calculate mean squared error between predicted and real labels. double meanSquaredError = predictionAndLabel.mapToDouble(pl -> { double diff = pl._1() - pl._2(); return diff * diff; }).mean(); System.out.println(“Mean Squared Error = “ + meanSquaredError);
// Save and load model model.save(jsc.sc(), “target/tmp/myIsotonicRegressionModel”); IsotonicRegressionModel sameModel = IsotonicRegressionModel.load(jsc.sc(), “target/tmp/myIsotonicRegressionModel”);
Data are read from a file where each line has a format label,feature i.e. 4710.28,500.00. The data are split to training and testing set. Model is created using the training set and a mean squared error is calculated from the predicted labels and real labels in the test set.
Refer to the IsotonicRegression Python docs and IsotonicRegressionModel Python docs for more details on the API.
import math from pyspark.mllib.regression import IsotonicRegression, IsotonicRegressionModel from pyspark.mllib.util import MLUtils
# Load and parse the data def parsePoint(labeledData): return (labeledData.label, labeledData.features[0], 1.0)
data = MLUtils.loadLibSVMFile(sc, “data/mllib/sample_isotonic_regression_libsvm_data.txt”)
# Create label, feature, weight tuples from input data with weight set to default value 1.0. parsedData = data.map(parsePoint)
# Split data into training (60%) and test (40%) sets. training, test = parsedData.randomSplit([0.6, 0.4], 11)
# Create isotonic regression model from training data.
Isotonic parameter defaults to true so it is only shown for demonstration
</span>model = IsotonicRegression.train(training)
# Create tuples of predicted and real labels. predictionAndLabel = test.map(lambda p: (model.predict(p[1]), p[0]))
# Calculate mean squared error between predicted and real labels. meanSquaredError = predictionAndLabel.map(lambda pl: math.pow((pl[0] - pl[1]), 2)).mean() print(“Mean Squared Error = “ + str(meanSquaredError))
# Save and load model model.save(sc, “target/tmp/myIsotonicRegressionModel”) sameModel = IsotonicRegressionModel.load(sc, “target/tmp/myIsotonicRegressionModel”)